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$30K Poop Nutrition Challenge! | Sponsored By Ben & Jerry’s

By Emily Moran Barwick | | 2 Comments
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Take the POOP Nutrient Challenge and get paid $30K for your crappy ideas! The EPA, along with Ben & Jerry’s, the USDA, and a host of other heavyweights have launched a competition for craptastic concepts to deal with the dung overtaking our planet.

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Want to be a part of an exciting opportunity to save the planet, feed the world, and make some cash? Want to get in on the ground floor of a revolutionary re-imagining of epic proportions? Are you a problem-solver with earth-shattering-innovations to offer? Then answer the call of the Nutrient Recycling Challenge $30K giveaway, brought to you by such movers and shakers as the EPA, USDA, WWF, NMPF, WERF, ASABE…FHJASNk-dkaj……AND BEN & JERRY’s ice cream!!

I know! I’m excited too!

What’s that you say? What IS nutrient recycling? Well, let me tell you! It’s… it’s…

It’s trying to do something with all the poo…there’s too much poo. [tweet this]

If there’s one sure constant in this world, it’s that everyone poops. And while discussion of poo is a social taboo (couldn’t help myself) and some people act like theirs doesn’t stink—a sure sign they’re full of it—the biggest deuce denial of all is that surrounding the most monumental poo-producers of all time: farmed animals.

In the United States, for example—which is surprisingly not number one in number two[1][2][3]—it is estimated that livestock animals produce 130 times more waste than the human population—almost 1.4 billion tons [1.2–1.37].[4][5][6] That comes out to roughly 5 tons of farmed animal waste per U.S. citizen.[7]

With animal excrement piling up in the U.S. alone at an alarming-yet impressive rate of 116,000 lbs/sec, [52,616.715kg] meaning 7 million pounds/minute [tweet this] [3,175,146.6kg],[8][9][10] it’s safe to say we’re a bit up the proverbial creek without a paddle.

This astronomical amount of toxic waste is 100 times more concentrated than raw human sewage[11] and more than 500 times more concentrated than treated human sewage,[12] making it important to note that no treatment facilities exist nor are required for livestock waste.

The greatest offenders of all are pig and dairy farms, with a 2,500-head dairy cattle operation producing a waste load similar to a city of 61,000 people,[13] and the 35.1 million pigs slaughtered in 2015 by a single pork producer, Smithfield Farms, accounting for a very conservative estimate of 95.2 billion pounds [95,191,200,000lb / 43,178,002,011.144 kg] pounds of pig poo.[14][15][16] Check out this video post for a showcase of Smithfield shoveling it on pretty thick with their public relations pork propaganda.

But where you may see a devastating health hazard of ground water contamination, air pollution, and antibiotic-resistant-pathogen proliferation, causing everything from respiratory illnesses to decreased lung function, to cardiovascular ailments and even premature death, or perhaps an environmental nightmare of nitrogen-flooded ocean dead zones, habitat destruction, and decimation of streams, tributaries, and wetlands, [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]  the Environmental Protection Agency and its crew of—shockingly—pig and dairy farmers[47][48] see opportunity!

See, it’s not toxic waste, it’s “animal manure containing valuable nutrients.”[49]

It’s not a mounting global crisis, it’s “a tremendous opportunity to generate environmental and economic benefits from manure.”[50]

And it’s definitely not about the legal trouble industry leaders face with repeat violations of the Clean Water or Clean Air Acts, because obviously they’re launching this exciting challenge together with the EPA and USDA, the very organizations charged with regulating their illegal activities. [51][52][53][54][55] So obviously, everything’s great!

They’re not irresponsible entities pawning off their problems, they’re “the Seekers.”

And you’re not doing their job for them at a fraction of a fraction of a fraction of a fraction of their salaries, you have the honor of being a “Solver.”[56]

(Thank goodness for euphemisms, the potpourri of vocabulary, perfect for masking the smell of impropriety!)

And certainly don’t worry about the fact that this miraculous manure—or nutrient goldmine, as it were—is typically a completely unbalanced fertilizer for plants, containing far too much phosphorous.[57]

And most of all, don’t be intimidated by the enormity of the problem, nor the fact that it long ago hit the proverbial fan.

All you have to do is suggest something better than the current system. Which is basically storing slurry in giant swimming pools of sewage called lagoons before literally launching it straight up into the air in glorious fecal fountains that put Las Vegas to shame and shower local residents with a refreshing mist of eau de poo.[58][59][60][61][62][63] [tweet this] In other words, the bar is low.

While phase I of submissions has already passed, the implementation of the lucky winners is yet to come. So hold onto the edge of your toilet seat—I know I will—to see where the excitement will lead!

While the United States is the only country I’m aware of that’s created an official challenge for dealing with it’s crap [tweet this]—which is, after all, the American way given our obsession with reality TV—yet another unstoppable influx of sh-ining examples of brilliant entertainment!—before you lay the stink of the world at America’s back door, it’s important to note that this is a global issue.

From the gut of Germany, through the intestines of India, and fecal channels of China, into the bowels of Brazil, past the colon of Columbia, to the nether regions of the Netherlands, and out the anus of America, animals are everywhere—and every one of them poops.[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71]

Now if you think this is just some craptastic video that I’m pulling out of my—well, y’know—rest assured that I’m nothing if not anal about my fecal facts.

Because regardless of the brevity of this bowel-movement-homage, I spent many hours performing a virtual investigative colonoscopy on the waste management world to ensure this sh-ow was tight. [this video & post took approximately 58+ hours to produce]

I’d encourage you to check out the mountain of shi-mmering citations and resources below! And if you want to help me make more quality crap, check out the support page.

I’d love to hear your thoughts on this steaming pile of a project proposal in the comments below. Just dump em’ right down there. Really let it all go.

If you liked this admittedly corny nugget (okay that’s a bit much), give the video a thumbs up and spread it around with the fury of the factory farm fecal fountains themselves!

Now go live vegan, call the industry on it’s—you know by now—and I’ll see you soon!

— Emily Moran Barwick

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Citations

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  1. National Academy of Sciences and Global Health and Education Foundation, “Pollution In China,” Safe Drinking Water Is Essential, accessed May 28, 2016.
  2. Steven E. Sexton et al., “Toward Sustainable Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers in China,” Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, 2010.
  3. United Nations Environment Programme, “Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource: Compendium of Technologies,” 2009.
  4. United States General Accounting Office, “Animal Agriculture: Waste Management Practices – Report to the Honorable Tom Harkin, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, U.S. Senate,” July 1999.
  5. Environmental Protection Agency, “Detecting and Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Fecal Pathogens Originating from Confined Animal Feeding Operations: Review” (Environmental Protection Agency, September 14, 2010).
  6. Carrie Hribar, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities (National Association of Local Boards of Health. Retrieved from: www. nalboh. org, 2010).
  7. United States General Accounting Office, “Animal Agriculture: Waste Management Practices – Report to the Honorable Tom Harkin, Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, U.S. Senate.”
  8. Environmental Protection Agency, “What’s the Problem? | Animal Waste | Region 9 | US EPA,” accessed February 27, 2016.
  9. United States Department of Agriculture, “Agricultural Waste Management Field Handbook,” accessed February 27, 2016.
  10. United States Department of Agriculture and National Program 206: Manure and Byproduct Utilization, “FY-2005 Annual Report Manure and Byproduct Utilization – National Program 206,” 2005.
  11. Environmental Protection Agency, “Detecting and Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Fecal Pathogens Originating from Confined Animal Feeding Operations: Review.”
  12. The Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production and The John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, “Putting Meat on the Table: Industrial Farm Animal Production in America,” Washington: DC, 2008, 24–25.
  13. Environmental Protection Agency, “Detecting and Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Fecal Pathogens Originating from Confined Animal Feeding Operations: Review.”
  14. Smithfield Foods, “ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 – For the Twelve Months Ended : January 3, 2016,” January 3, 2016.
  15. David Pimentel et al., “Reducing Energy Inputs in the US Food System,” Human Ecology 36, no. 4 (July 15, 2008): 459–71, doi:10.1007/s10745-008-9184-3.
  16. This figure was calculated by taking Smithfield’s statistics of “processed” hogs from their “fresh pork segment” in their 2015 annual report (30.5 million in the US; 4.6 million internationally) and multiplying it by Pimentel’s figure of 2,712 pounds of waste per year per pig in the study cited above. The number accounts for total waste, not just feces, though the derivative “poo” is utilized in the video for comic effect.
  17. National Research Council (U.S.) and National Research Council (U.S.), eds., Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs (Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003).
  18. National Pork Board and Erin Cortus, “Ambient Air Quality Regulations That Impact Swine Operations,” Pork Information Gateway, accessed May 28, 2016.
  19. The Humane Society of the United States, “An HSUS Report: Factory Farming in America: The True Cost of Animal Agribusiness,” n.d.
  20. Maria C. Mirabelli et al., “Asthma Symptoms Among Adolescents Who Attend Public Schools That Are Located Near Confined Swine Feeding Operations,” Pediatrics 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): e66–75, doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2812.
  21. Jeff Tietz, “Boss Hog: The Dark Side of America’s Top Pork Producer,” Rolling Stone, December 14, 2006.
  22. Anu Mittal and United States Government Accountability Office, Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: EPA Needs More Information and a Clearly Defined Strategy to Protect Air and Water Quality from Pollutants of Concern (DIANE Publishing, 2009).
  23. Dina Fine Maron, “Defecation Nation: Pig Waste Likely to Rise in U.S. from Business Deal,” Scientific American, accessed May 26, 2016.
  24. Environmental Protection Agency, “Detecting and Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Fecal Pathogens Originating from Confined Animal Feeding Operations: Review.”
  25. The Environmental Protection Agency, “Environments and Contaminants | Drinking Water Contaminants” (America’s Children and the Environment, October 2015).
  26. “Hog Waste Causes Environmental, Socioeconomic Disasters,” Technician, accessed May 28, 2016.
  27. JoAnn Burkholder et al., “Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality,” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 2 (February 2007): 308–12, doi:10.1289/ehp.8839.
  28. The Environmental Protection Agency, “Risk Assessment Evaluation for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations” (US EPA National Risk Management Laboratory, 2004).
  29. OW US EPA, “Table of Regulated Drinking Water Contaminants,” Overviews and Factsheets, accessed May 28, 2016.
  30. “What to Do About Pig Poop? North Carolina Fights a Rising Tide,” accessed May 26, 2016.
  31. “Pork’s Dirty Secret: The Nation’s Top Hog Producer Is Also One of America’s Worst Polluters : Rolling Stone,” April 16, 2009.
  32. Pimentel et al., “Reducing Energy Inputs in the US Food System.”
  33. The Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production and The John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, “Putting Meat on the Table.”
  34. US EPA, “Table of Regulated Drinking Water Contaminants.”
  35. “PRESS RELEASE LOUISIANA UNIVERSITIES MARINE CONSORTIUM,” August 4, 2014.
  36. EarthTalk, “What Causes Ocean ‘Dead Zones’?,” Scientific American, accessed February 27, 2016.
  37. Environmental Protection Agency, “What’s the Problem? | Animal Waste | Region 9 | US EPA.”
  38. Henning Steinfeld et al., “Livestock’s Long Shadow,” 2006.
  39. World Wildlife Fund, “Impact of Habitat Loss on Species,” accessed February 27, 2016.
  40. Center for Biological Diversity, “How Eating Meat Hurts Wildlife and the Planet,” Take Extinction Off Your Plate, accessed February 27, 2016.
  41. Dr Richard Oppenlander, “Freshwater Depletion: Realities of Choice,” Comfortablyunaware, accessed February 27, 2016.
  42. Dr Richard Oppenlander, Food Choice and Sustainability: Why Buying Local, Eating Less Meat, and Taking Baby Steps Won’t Work (Minneapolis, MN: Langdon Street Press, 2013).
  43. C. Michael Hogan, “Causes of Extinction,” The Encyclopedia of Earth, accessed February 27, 2016.
  44. Brian Machovina, Kenneth J. Feeley, and William J. Ripple, “Biodiversity Conservation: The Key Is Reducing Meat Consumption,” iScience of The Total Environment 536 (December 1, 2015): 419–31, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022.
  45. Dr Richard Oppenlander, “Biodiversity and Food Choice: A Clarification,” Comfortably Unaware, accessed February 27, 2016.
  46. Mark Devries, “Spy Drones Expose Smithfield Foods Factory Farms,” Factory Farm Drones, Spy Drones Expose Smithfield Foods Factory Farms, accessed May 26, 2016.
  47. The Environmental Protection Agency and The Nutrient Recycling Challenge, “Nutrient Recycling Challenge Phase I Planning Committee and Judging Panel,” accessed May 28, 2016.
  48. The Nutrient Recycling Challenge and The Environmental Protection Agency, “The Nutritent Recycling Challenge Fact Sheet,” accessed May 28, 2016.
  49. The Environmental Protection Agency and The Nutrient Recycling Challenge, “Nutrient Recycling Challenge,” Challenge.gov, accessed May 28, 2016.
  50. Ibid.
  51. ENR, “Smithfield Foods Fined $12.6 Million, Largest Clean Water Act Fine Ever – Press Release,” accessed May 26, 2016.
  52. Food & Water Watch, “The Trouble With Smithfield: A Corporate Profile,” January 2008.
  53. Department of Justice, “#383: 06-25-03 TYSON PLEADS GUILTY TO 20 FELONIES AND AGREES TO PAY $7.5 MILLION FOR CLEAN WATER ACT VIOLATIONS,” accessed May 30, 2016.
  54. Jonathan Shorman, “Attorney General Sues Tyson Foods over Fish Kill,” Springfield News-Leader, June 18, 2014.
  55. “EPA Reaches Agreement With Pork Producers,” SolidWaste.com, November 27, 1998.
  56. The Environmental Protection Agency and Partners of the Nutrient Recycling Challenge, “Competition Information, Criteria, and Guidelines,” November 2015.
  57. Henry Fountain, “Down on the Farm, an Endless Cycle of Animal Waste,” The New York Times, December 28, 2009.
  58. The Humane Society of the United States, “An HSUS Report: Factory Farming in America: The True Cost of Animal Agribusiness.”
  59. Maron, “Defecation Nation.”
  60. Rebecca Neubauer, “Something Smells: Hog Farming Waste Management in North Carolina,” n.d.
  61. National Research Council (U.S.) and National Research Council (U.S.), Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations.
  62. The Environmental Protection Agency and Partners of the Nutrient Recycling Challenge, “Background Information on Nutrient Recovery Technologies and Pork and Dairy Production,” November 2015.
  63. Devries, “Spy Drones Expose Smithfield Foods Factory Farms.”
  64. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “FAOSTAT,” accessed May 28, 2016.
  65. Compassion in World Farming, “Statistics: Dairy Cows – Population and Production,” January 7, 2012.
  66. United Nations Environment Programme, “Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Resource: Compendium of Technologies.”
  67. United Nations Environment Programme, “Global Partnership on Waste Management (GPWM): Waste Agricultural Biomass,” accessed May 28, 2016.
  68. João Felippe Cury Marinho Mathias, “Manure as a Resource: Livestock Waste Management from Anaerobic Digestion, Opportunities and Challenges for Brazil,” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 17, no. 4 (2014): 87.
  69. National Academy of Sciences and Global Health and Education Foundation, “Pollution In China.”
  70. “Top 10 Pork Producing Countries,” accessed May 28, 2016.
  71. Sexton et al., “Toward Sustainable Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers in China.”
  72. Sexton, Steven E., David D. Zilberman, Fredrich Kahrl, David Roland-Holst, and Karen Klonsky. “Toward Sustainable Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers in China.” Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130825112657/https://www.motherjones.com/files/v14n2_2.pdf.

Full Bibliography

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Barwick, Emily Moran. “Expectation Vs Reality: Smithfield Pork | Bite Size Vegan.” bitesizevegan.org. Accessed May 26, 2016. https://bitesizevegan.org/expectation-vs-reality-smithfield-pork/.
Berman, Robby. “A Drone Flew Over A Pig Farm To Discover It’s Not Really A Farm. It’s Something Much More Disturbing.” Upworthy, December 28, 2014. https://www.upworthy.com/a-drone-flew-over-a-pig-farm-to-discover-its-not-really-a-farm-its-something-much-more-disturbing.
Burkholder, JoAnn, Bob Libra, Peter Weyer, Susan Heathcote, Dana Kolpin, Peter S. Thorne, and Michael Wichman. “Impacts of Waste from Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations on Water Quality.” Environmental Health Perspectives 115, no. 2 (February 2007): 308–12. doi:10.1289/ehp.8839.
Chastain, John P., and James J. Camberato. “Dairy Manure Production and Nutrient Content.” Confined Animal Manure Manager Certification Program Manual Dairy Version, 2004, 1–16.
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Compassion in World Farming. “Statistics: Dairy Cows – Population and Production,” January 7, 2012. https://www.ciwf.org.uk/media/5235182/Statistics-Dairy-cows.pdf.
Copeland, Claudia. “Animal Waste and Water Quality: EPA Regulation of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs).” Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2006. https://nationalaglawcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/assets/crs/RL31851.pdf.
Copeland, Claudia, Jeffrey Zinn, and Congressional Research Service. “Report for Congress- Animal Waste Management and the Environment: Background for Current Issues.” Resources, Science, and Industry Division, May 12, 1998. https://agrienvarchive.ca/bioenergy/download/wasteman_env.pdf.
Cortus, Erin. “How-to Maintain A Manure Storage System.” Pork Information Gateway, October 20, 2014. https://porkgateway.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/how-to-maintain-a-storage-manure-system1.pdf.
“DawnWatch.com.” Accessed May 26, 2016. https://www.dawnwatch.com/cgi-bin/dada/mail.cgi/archive/dw1000000dawnwat/20061206201551/.
Department of Justice. “#383: 06-25-03 TYSON PLEADS GUILTY TO 20 FELONIES AND AGREES TO PAY $7.5 MILLION FOR CLEAN WATER ACT VIOLATIONS.” Accessed May 30, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/2003/June/03_enrd_383.htm.
Devries, Mark. “Spy Drones Expose Smithfield Foods Factory Farms.” Factory Farm Drones. Spy Drones Expose Smithfield Foods Factory Farms. Accessed May 26, 2016. https://factoryfarmdrones.com/.
ENR. “Smithfield Foods Fined $12.6 Million, Largest Clean Water Act Fine Ever – Press Release.” Accessed May 26, 2016. https://www.justice.gov/archive/opa/pr/1997/August97/331enr.htm.
Environmental Protection Agency. “Detecting and Mitigating the Environmental Impact of Fecal Pathogens Originating from Confined Animal Feeding Operations: Review.” Environmental Protection Agency, September 14, 2010. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P10089B1.txt.
———. “What’s the Problem? | Animal Waste | Region 9 | US EPA.” Accessed February 27, 2016. https://www3.epa.gov/region9/animalwaste/problem.html#main.
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“Feces Cleanup Information.” Accessed May 26, 2016. https://www.poop-cleanup.com/Feces/Feces_Cleanup_Information.html.
“Flying Pigsh*t! Drone Catches Smithfield Pork Farms Spraying Animal Waste into Air (VIDEO).” RT International. Accessed May 26, 2016. https://www.rt.com/usa/216571-pig-waste-pollution-drone/.
Food & Water Watch. “The Trouble With Smithfield: A Corporate Profile,” January 2008. https://avaazimages.s3.amazonaws.com/SmithfieldJan08.pdf.
Fountain, Henry. “Down on the Farm, an Endless Cycle of Animal Waste.” The New York Times, December 28, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/29/science/29manure.html.
“Hog Waste Causes Environmental, Socioeconomic Disasters.” Technician. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://www.technicianonline.com/news/article_334b5bdc-b4f3-11e5-b31f-af277c4f3939.html.
Hribar, Carrie. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations and Their Impact on Communities. National Association of Local Boards of Health. Retrieved from: www. nalboh. org, 2010. https://www.bigcovecreekalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Understanding-CAFOs-and-Their-Impact-on-Communities.pdf.
Iowa State University Extension and Outreach. “Value of Manure Nutrients.” Iowa State University, March 2007. https://www.extension.iastate.edu/agdm/livestock/html/b1-65.html.
Maron, Dina Fine. “Defecation Nation: Pig Waste Likely to Rise in U.S. from Business Deal.” Scientific American. Accessed May 26, 2016. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/smithfield-pig-waste/.
Mathias①a, João Felippe Cury Marinho. “Manure as a Resource: Livestock Waste Management from Anaerobic Digestion, Opportunities and Challenges for Brazil.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 17, no. 4 (2014): 87.
Mirabelli, Maria C., Steve Wing, Stephen W. Marshall, and Timothy C. Wilcosky. “Asthma Symptoms Among Adolescents Who Attend Public Schools That Are Located Near Confined Swine Feeding Operations.” Pediatrics 118, no. 1 (July 1, 2006): e66–75. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2812.
Mittal, Anu, and United States Government Accountability Office. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations: EPA Needs More Information and a Clearly Defined Strategy to Protect Air and Water Quality from Pollutants of Concern. DIANE Publishing, 2009. https://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08944.pdf.
National Academy of Sciences, and Global Health and Education Foundation. “Pollution In China.” Safe Drinking Water Is Essential. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://www.koshland-science-museum.org/water/html/en/Treatment/Agricultural-and-Industrial-Pollution-in-China.html.
National Pork Board, Sherrie Clark, and Brian Richert. “Maximizing the Value of Swine Manure.” Pork Information Gateway. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://porkgateway.org/resource/maximizing-the-value-of-swine-manure/.
National Pork Board, and Erin Cortus. “Ambient Air Quality Regulations That Impact Swine Operations.” Pork Information Gateway. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://porkgateway.org/resource/ambient-air-quality-regulations-that-impact-swine-operations/.
National Pork Board, and Wendy Powers. “Science of Smell Part 1 : Perception and Physiological Responses to Odors.” Pork Information Gateway. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://porkgateway.org/resource/science-of-smell-part-1-perception-and-physiological-responses-to-odors/.
———. “Science of Smell Part 2 : Understanding the Generation and Chemistry of Odors.” Pork Information Gateway. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://porkgateway.org/resource/science-of-smell-part-2-understanding-the-generation-and-chemistry-of-odors/.
———. “Science of Smell Part 3 : Measurement and Detection of Odors from Swine Operations.” Pork Information Gateway. Accessed May 28, 2016. https://porkgateway.org/resource/science-of-smell-part-3-measurement-and-detection-of-odors-from-swine-operations/.
National Research Council (U.S.), and National Research Council (U.S.), eds. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2003.
Neubauer, Rebecca. “Something Smells: Hog Farming Waste Management in North Carolina,” n.d.
Pimentel, David, Sean Williamson, Courtney E. Alexander, Omar Gonzalez-Pagan, Caitlin Kontak, and Steven E. Mulkey. “Reducing Energy Inputs in the US Food System.” Human Ecology 36, no. 4 (July 15, 2008): 459–71. doi:10.1007/s10745-008-9184-3.
Pork Checkoff, and The National Pork Board. “Pork Stats 2014.” The National Pork Board, 2014.
“Pork’s Dirty Secret: The Nation’s Top Hog Producer Is Also One of America’s Worst Polluters : Rolling Stone,” April 16, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090416090221/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/12840743/porks_dirty_secret_the_nations_top_hog_producer_is_also_one_of_americas_worst_polluters.
“Pork’s Dirty Secret: The Nation’s Top Hog Producer Is Also One of America’s Worst Polluters : Rolling Stone,” May 1, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090501230838/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/story/12840743/porks_dirty_secret_the_nations_top_hog_producer_is_also_one_of_americas_worst_polluters/2.
Rimler, Rosie. “Study Finds Hog Farm Waste in NC Waters, but Significance Is Disputed,” August 30, 2015. https://www.newsobserver.com/news/technology/article32817855.html.
Rivin, Gavin. “Another Kind of Hog Farm | North Carolina Health News.” Accessed May 27, 2016. https://www.northcarolinahealthnews.org/2016/02/22/another-kind-of-hog-farm/.
Sexton, Steven E., David D. Zilberman, Fredrich Kahrl, David Roland-Holst, and Karen Klonsky. “Toward Sustainable Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers in China.” Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, 2010. https://www.motherjones.com/files/v14n2_2.pdf.
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2 Comments

  2. Avatartoni says

    give the poop back to the profiters! HA HA… that will really go over well. or Tax the Meat Eaters… :(

    Reply

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